请求体 - 嵌套模型

使用 FastAPI，你可以定义、校验、记录文档并使用任意深度嵌套的模型（归功于Pydantic）。

List 字段

你可以将一个属性定义为拥有子元素的类型。例如 Python list：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: list = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

这将使 tags 成为一个由元素组成的列表。不过它没有声明每个元素的类型。

具有子类型的 List 字段

但是 Python 有一种特定的方法来声明具有子类型的列表：

从 typing 导入 List

首先，从 Python 的标准库 typing 模块中导入 List：

Python 3.8+

from typing import List, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: List[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.10+Python 3.9+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

声明具有子类型的 List

要声明具有子类型的类型，例如 list、dict、tuple：

• 从 typing 模块导入它们
• 使用方括号 [ 和 ] 将子类型作为「类型参数」传入

from typing import List

my_list: List[str]

这完全是用于类型声明的标准 Python 语法。

对具有子类型的模型属性也使用相同的标准语法。

因此，在我们的示例中，我们可以将 tags 明确地指定为一个「字符串列表」：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import List, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: List[str] = []


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

Set 类型

但是随后我们考虑了一下，意识到标签不应该重复，它们很大可能会是唯一的字符串。

Python 具有一种特殊的数据类型来保存一组唯一的元素，即 set。

然后我们可以导入 Set 并将 tag 声明为一个由 str 组成的 set：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

这样，即使你收到带有重复数据的请求，这些数据也会被转换为一组唯一项。

而且，每当你输出该数据时，即使源数据有重复，它们也将作为一组唯一项输出。

并且还会被相应地标注 / 记录文档。

嵌套模型

Pydantic 模型的每个属性都具有类型。

但是这个类型本身可以是另一个 Pydantic 模型。

因此，你可以声明拥有特定属性名称、类型和校验的深度嵌套的 JSON 对象。

上述这些都可以任意的嵌套。

定义子模型

例如，我们可以定义一个 Image 模型：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

将子模型用作类型

然后我们可以将其用作一个属性的类型：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: str
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

这意味着 FastAPI 将期望类似于以下内容的请求体：

{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",
    "price": 42.0,
    "tax": 3.2,
    "tags": ["rock", "metal", "bar"],
    "image": {
        "url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
        "name": "The Foo live"
    }
}

再一次，仅仅进行这样的声明，你将通过 FastAPI 获得：

• 对被嵌入的模型也适用的编辑器支持（自动补全等）
• 数据转换
• 数据校验
• 自动生成文档

特殊的类型和校验

除了普通的单一值类型（如 str、int、float 等）外，你还可以使用从 str 继承的更复杂的单一值类型。

要了解所有的可用选项，请查看关于 来自 Pydantic 的外部类型 的文档。你将在下一章节中看到一些示例。

例如，在 Image 模型中我们有一个 url 字段，我们可以把它声明为 Pydantic 的 HttpUrl，而不是 str：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

该字符串将被检查是否为有效的 URL，并在 JSON Schema / OpenAPI 文档中进行记录。

带有一组子模型的属性

你还可以将 Pydantic 模型用作 list、set 等的子类型：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: list[Image] | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: Union[list[Image], None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

from typing import List, Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    images: Union[List[Image], None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
    return results

这将期望（转换，校验，记录文档等）下面这样的 JSON 请求体：

{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",
    "price": 42.0,
    "tax": 3.2,
    "tags": [
        "rock",
        "metal",
        "bar"
    ],
    "images": [
        {
            "url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
            "name": "The Foo live"
        },
        {
            "url": "http://example.com/dave.jpg",
            "name": "The Baz"
        }
    ]
}

Info

请注意 images 键现在具有一组 image 对象是如何发生的。

深度嵌套模型

你可以定义任意深度的嵌套模型：

Python 3.10+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: list[Image] | None = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    items: list[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.9+Python 3.8+

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: Union[list[Image], None] = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    items: list[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

from typing import List, Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()
    images: Union[List[Image], None] = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    items: List[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
    return offer

Info

请注意 Offer 拥有一组 Item 而反过来 Item 又是一个可选的 Image 列表是如何发生的。

纯列表请求体

如果你期望的 JSON 请求体的最外层是一个 JSON array（即 Python list），则可以在路径操作函数的参数中声明此类型，就像声明 Pydantic 模型一样：

images: List[Image]

例如：

Python 3.9+

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: list[Image]):
    return images

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.8+

from typing import List

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: List[Image]):
    return images

无处不在的编辑器支持

你可以随处获得编辑器支持。

即使是列表中的元素：

如果你直接使用 dict 而不是 Pydantic 模型，那你将无法获得这种编辑器支持。

但是你根本不必担心这两者，传入的字典会自动被转换，你的输出也会自动被转换为 JSON。

任意 dict 构成的请求体

你也可以将请求体声明为使用某类型的键和其他类型值的 dict。

无需事先知道有效的字段/属性（在使用 Pydantic 模型的场景）名称是什么。

如果你想接收一些尚且未知的键，这将很有用。

---

其他有用的场景是当你想要接收其他类型的键时，例如 int。

这也是我们在接下来将看到的。

在下面的例子中，你将接受任意键为 int 类型并且值为 float 类型的 dict：

Python 3.9+

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: dict[int, float]):
    return weights

🤓 Other versions and variants

Python 3.8+

from typing import Dict

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: Dict[int, float]):
    return weights

Tip

请记住 JSON 仅支持将 str 作为键。

但是 Pydantic 具有自动转换数据的功能。

这意味着，即使你的 API 客户端只能将字符串作为键发送，只要这些字符串内容仅包含整数，Pydantic 就会对其进行转换并校验。

然后你接收的名为 weights 的 dict 实际上将具有 int 类型的键和 float 类型的值。

总结

使用 FastAPI 你可以拥有 Pydantic 模型提供的极高灵活性，同时保持代码的简单、简短和优雅。

而且还具有下列好处：

• 编辑器支持（处处皆可自动补全！）
• 数据转换（也被称为解析/序列化）
• 数据校验
• 模式文档
• 自动生成的文档